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psychic staring effect
The psychic staring effect (sometimes called scopaesthesia) is a supposed phenomenon in which humans detect being stared at by extrasensory means. The idea was first explored by psychologist Edward B. Titchener in 1898 during a series of laboratory experiments that found only negative results.〔Titchener, E. B. ("The 'feeling of being stared at.'" ) Science, 1898, New series Volume 8, pages 895-897. Retrieved 28 February 2009〕 It has been the subject of contemporary attention from parapsychologists and fringe researchers, most notably Rupert Sheldrake.〔(Rupert Sheldrake, Papers on The Sense of Being Stared At ). Accessed 2008-05-28.〕〔David F. Marks and John Colwell (2000). The Psychic Staring Effect: An Artifact of Pseudo Randomization. ''Skeptical Inquirer'', 9/1/2000. (). Accessed 2010-15-5.〕
The feeling is a common one, being reported by over half of the students questioned in a 1913 study.〔
== Origin ==
Psychologist Edward B. Titchener reported in 1898 that some students in his junior classes believed that they could "feel" when they were being stared at from behind, and a smaller proportion believed that by staring at the back of a person's neck they could force them to turn around. Both phenomena were said to occur in public places such as classrooms and public halls. His students described the feeling as "a state of unpleasant tingling, which gathers in volume and intensity until a movement which shall relieve it becomes inevitable".〔
Titchener rejected the telepathic explanation. He instead suggested that when a subject experienced the feeling that they were being watched and turned to check, a second person who already had the subject in their field of vision might notice the subject starting to turn their head, and shift their gaze to the subject. From the subject's perspective, they have turned their head and can now see a person looking directly at them, from which they may incorrectly assume that the person had been staring at them all along.〔〔 Titchener attributed the "tingling" effect to the subject focusing their attention on their own neck and the thought that somebody might be staring at it, observing that a person concentrating their attention on their own knee or foot will make that part of the body feel more sensitive.〔 He conducted laboratory experiments with people who claimed to be able to sense the stares of others and those who claimed to be capable of "making people turn round", finding in both cases that the results were "invariably" negative.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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